Historical Source:
Encyclopedia Britannica

Biblical Source:
New International Version

Hittite Empire: 18th - 12 centuries BC
Anatolia (modern day Turkey)
Extent: Northern Mesopotamia to Syria

When the Lord brings you into the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Hivites and Jebusites - the land he swore to your ancestors to give you. _{Exodus 13:5}

New Kingdom of Egypt: 16th - 11th centuries BC
Extent: Northeast Africa and western Asia

Now there was a famine in the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to live there for a while because the famine was severe. _{Genesis 12:10}

Now the length of time the Israelite people lived in Egypt was 430 years. _{Exodus 12:40}

King Shishak of Egypt came up and attacked Jerusalem in the fifth year of King Rehoboam's reign. _{2 Chronicles 12:2}

Assyrian Empire: 10th - 7th centuries BC
Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq)
Extent: Asia Minor (Turkey), Arabia, southward to include Egypt

During Pekah's reign, King Tiglath-pileser of Assyria attacked Israel again, and he captured the towns of Ijon, Abel-beth-maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, and Hazor. He also conquered the regions of Gilead, Galilee, and all of Naphtali, and he took the people to Assyria as captives.
_{2 Kings 15:29}

Babylonian Empire: 7th and 6th centuries BC
Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq)
Extent: Syria, Israel & Judah, and Arabia

During Jehoiachin's reign, the officers of King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon came up against Jerusalem and besieged it. _{2 Kings 24:10}

Persian Empire: 6th - 4th centuries BC
Modern-day Iran
Extent: East to modern-day Pakistan, westward to Greece and south to Egypt

In the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, in order to fulfill the word of the Lord spoken by Jeremiah, the Lord moved the heart of Cyrus king of Persia to make a proclamation throughout his realm and also to put it in writing. _{Ezra 1:1}

Greek Empire: 4th century BC
Macedonia and Greece
Extent: Same territory ruled by Persia

Greece, Tubal and Meshek did business with you [Israel]; they traded human beings and articles of bronze for your wares. _{Ezekial 27:13}

Roman Empire: 1st century BC - 5th century AD
Italian peninsula
Extent: The whole Mediterranean region, northwest Europe and the British Isles

In those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire Roman world. _{Luke 2:1}